Déclin des abeilles mellifères : implications des infections virales amplifiées par Varroa et solutions préventives
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46325/afj.v10i1.212Keywords:
Abeilles melliféres, biodiversité, mortalité des colonies, Varroa destructor, Stress environemental, changement climatique, gestion integrée des parasitesAbstract
Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are essential pollinators for approximately 75% of food crops, supporting biodiversity and the global agricultural economy. The main objective is to understand and reduce significant colony losses, with local winter mortality rates reaching 50–60%. These declines result from a complex combination of biological and environmental factors. The parasite Varroa destructor represents the major threat, weakening bees and acting as a vector for viruses such as Deformed Wing Virus (DWV). Microsporidia of the genus Nosema impair digestion and reduce the lifespan of worker bees. These pathogens interact with environmental stressors such as neonicotinoid pesticides, poor nutrition, and climate change, thereby amplifying their overall impact. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a key strategy, combining reduced chemical treatments, mechanical control methods, and the selection of hygienic bee strains. Improving nutritional conditions and enhancing floral diversity also strengthen colony resilience. Modern technologies, such as digital monitoring systems and biotechnological tools, enable early detection and targeted interventions. Finally, a holistic and coordinated approach integrating biology, agriculture, and ecology is essential to ensure the long-term health of honeybees and global food security.
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