Investigation of biological markers, dietary intake and physical activity on Gougerot-Sjögren's Syndrome: A case-control study
Keywords:
Gougerot-Sjögren’s Syndrome, Autoimmune Diseases, Risk Factors, Dietary Intake, , Physical Activity, Biological MarkersAbstract
Introduction: Gougerot-Sjögren’s Syndrome is a multifaceted autoimmune disorder. A case-control study was conducted to identify the characteristic biomarkers, dietary habits, and associated risk factors.
Methods: A total of 154 individuals, including 114 GSS patients and 40 healthy controls were recruited. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and, haematological and biochemical analyses.
Results: The mean age of GSS patients was 58.73 ± 5.64 years, compared to 54.58 ± 11.97 years in controls (p < 0.0131). C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were significantly higher in patients (12.17 ± 11.20 mg/L) compared to controls (2.4 ± 0.0 mg/L; p < 0.00). Lymphocyte counts were also lower in patients (2100 ± 672 vs. 3.40 ± 0.11 G/L; p < 0.01). A higher frequency of infections was reported in the GSS group (50% vs. 20%, p < 0.05). The ACR/EULAR score was significantly elevated in GSS patients (5.33 ± 0.58; p < 0.001), exceeding the diagnostic threshold of ≥4, while all controls tested negative. Other significant findings included a positive BGSA of 0.67 ± 0.58, pathological salivary flow, positive Anti-SSA antibodies (0.25 ± 0.00), ocular and salivary involvement, fever > 38.5°C, articular involvement, and hematological abnormalities (100%). A higher prevalence of glandular manifestations (xerostomia, xerophthalmia) and systemic features such as chronic fatigue and biological abnormalities were observed. Dental problems were significantly more frequent in GSS patients (75% vs. 50%, p < 0.05). Dietary habits showed that GSS patients consumed fewer fresh fruits and vegetables per week compared to controls (5.82 ± 2.00 vs. 6.88 ± 0.44; p ≤ 0.001). GSS patients had a significantly higher incidence of associated autoimmune diseases (p < 0.001). Hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and fibromyalgia were notably more prevalent in the GSS group (p < 0.05). Additionally, GSS patients exhibited lower physical activity levels (10.35 ± 6.67 vs. 41.60 ± 4.36 METs; p < 0.001).
Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of a comprehensive, individualized approach to GSS management. This approach should combine symptom relief, dietary interventions, and promotion of physical activity, placing the patient at the center of care while incorporating ongoing advances in scientific research and medical technology.
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