Medical Focus Journal https://journals.univ-tlemcen.dz/MFJ/index.php/MFJ <p>The Medical Focus Journal (MFJ) is a biannual international scientific journal (June and December) published by the Faculty of Medicine of Tlemcen, it publishes articles in French and English online and in open access.<br /><strong>eISSN: 2992-0442 </strong><br />The journal aims to promote research in all areas of health: medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, medical biology and basic sciences.<br />The MFJ publishes original articles, general reviews, meta-analyses, letters to the editor, editorials, case series, Cases reports, iconographies, commentaries, expert opinions. Special issues devoted to important scientific events could also be published.</p> <p>-<em> <strong>Publication fees </strong>:</em> No fees are required.</p> <p>- <strong><em>Editorial policy</em> </strong>: Each article submitted is first examined by the editorial committee, it can be refused if it does not meet the editorial rules of the journal or if it does not respect the editorial and ethical policy of the MFJ.<br />The manuscript is then forwarded, on condition of anonymity, to two or even three reviewers.<br />The final decision of acceptance, rejection or revision is made by the editor in consultation with the editorial team.<br /><br /><strong>-<em> Research ethics policy </em></strong><em>:</em> The manuscript must comply with the ethical recommendations of the Declaration of Helsinki. It must have been submitted, if necessary, either to the personal data protection committee or to an ethics committee.<br />Medical Focus Journal follows appropriate conflict of interest and dual publication procedures and best practices by COPE Committee on Publication Ethics.<br /><br />-<em> <strong>Legal obligations</strong></em> : An article is examined with a view to its publication provided that its content has not been simultaneously submitted to another journal and that it has not been accepted for publication elsewhere. The authors undertake to do so when of the electronic submission process.<br />Articles published in this journal cannot be the subject of another publication without the authorization of the editorial committee, nevertheless if the said article is cited in another journal, the reference of the MFJ must appear there.<br />Conflicts of interest must be clearly notified.<br />Plagiarism is defined by any appropriation of the work of others without citation, it is punished by law in accordance with Algerian regulations: "decree 1082 of December 27, 2020", setting the rules relating to the prevention of plagiarism.</p> en-US khelilhouda.mfj@gmail.com (Pr Ag Nour el houda Khelil) revue.med.mfj@univ-tlemcen.dz ( Pr Ag Sidi Mohammed Meghelli) Sat, 12 Jul 2025 17:52:28 +0000 OJS 3.3.0.8 http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss 60 Toxicological assessment of metals presents in toys intended for children under 36 months of age. https://journals.univ-tlemcen.dz/MFJ/index.php/MFJ/article/view/144 <p>The presence of metal contaminants in toys intended for children under 36 months is a common and concerning issue. These metals may pose toxicological risks, particularly when toys are mouthed by young children. This study aims to evaluate the concentrations of four metallic elements (Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) in ten categories of toys available on the Algerian market and to assess their compliance with Algerian and international regulatory standards.</p> <p>This is a descriptive, cross-sectional experimental study involving the analysis of 22 toy samples. The average concentrations detected were 88.52 mg/kg for lead, 10,03 mg/kg for cadmium, 3098,13 mg/kg for copper, and 18 423,82mg/kg for zinc. The Algerian regulatory threshold for lead (90 mg/kg) was exceeded in 20 of the samples, while all cadmium levels remained below the established limit of 75 mg/kg. Currently, no regulatory limits are defined for copper and zinc.</p> <p>The estimated daily intake (EDI) of each metal was found to be lower than the corresponding tolerable daily intake (TDI).</p> <p>Given these findings, it is recommended that Algerian standards—last updated in 1998—be revised, and that new regulations be introduced for metals not yet governed by specific limits. Ensuring proper quality control is essential to enforce compliance with these updated standards</p> Nesrine Abourejal Copyright (c) 2025 Medical Focus Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://journals.univ-tlemcen.dz/MFJ/index.php/MFJ/article/view/144 Sat, 12 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Doping Behavior in the Student Environment: A Cross-sectional Study Among Students at the University of Sétif, Algeria https://journals.univ-tlemcen.dz/MFJ/index.php/MFJ/article/view/145 <p>Doping behavior, though often perceived as harmless, can entail significant risks, especially with the consumption of addictive or toxic substances. This study aims to describe doping behavior among students at the University of Sétif. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered anonymous questionnaire. We analyzed socioeconomic and intrinsic factors, substances used, and potential risks. Among 340 students surveyed, 83% reported doping behavior. Environmental factors include field of study (P &lt; 0.05), family pressure (P &lt; 0.001), and socioeconomic status (P &lt; 0.007). Lack of concentration and fatigue were intrinsic motivations. Coffee, tea, and dietary supplements were most used (82%), while 47% obtained stimulants and tranquilizers through self-medication, posing toxic and addictive risks. The high prevalence (83%) of doping behavior, despite regulated use, reflects a risky trend that may foster addictive tendencies.</p> Sabah Benboudiaf Copyright (c) 2025 Medical Focus Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://journals.univ-tlemcen.dz/MFJ/index.php/MFJ/article/view/145 Sat, 12 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Implementing a flipped classroom in 5th-year pharmacy education at Tlemcen: an active learning experience and future prospects https://journals.univ-tlemcen.dz/MFJ/index.php/MFJ/article/view/141 <p><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>The flipped classroom (FC) model, an innovative pedagogical approach, inverts traditional teaching by delivering instructional content outside the classroom and using in-class time for interactive activities.</p> <p><strong>Objectives</strong></p> <p>This study evaluates the efficacy and student perceptions of a FC intervention focused on insulin injection techniques for fifth-year pharmacy students at the University of Tlemcen, Algeria.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>Students were prepared for the session using provided resources (videos, articles) and participated in in-class activities, including quizzes, group discussions, and simulations. Pre- and post-tests assessed knowledge acquisition, and a satisfaction survey gauged student perceptions (n=86).</p> <p><strong>Results</strong></p> <p>Results showed improvement in post-test scores and high satisfaction, with 77.9% of students reporting better comprehension and 79% valuing collaborative learning. However, challenges included limited preparation by some students (41.9% did not review the PDF text) and technological barriers.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p> <p>These findings suggest that FC enhances engagement and learning outcomes in pharmacy education, though careful resource selection and technological support are critical for success.</p> <p><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong><em> Active learning, flipped classroom, insulin injection, pharmacy education, therapeutic education.</em></p> Mohammed Nassim BOUKLI HACENE Copyright (c) 2025 Medical Focus Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://journals.univ-tlemcen.dz/MFJ/index.php/MFJ/article/view/141 Sat, 12 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Interest of preorthodontic periodontal surgery: clinical analysis and therapeutic implications https://journals.univ-tlemcen.dz/MFJ/index.php/MFJ/article/view/137 <p>&nbsp;The interrelationship between orthodontic and periodontal disciplines is well established. For orthodontic treatment to be carried out under the best possible conditions, it is essential to follow a coordinated approach between the orthodontist and the periodontist. The integration of periodontal surgery in the preparatory phase of orthodontic treatments constitutes an essential therapeutic lever for optimizing aesthetic and functional results, without causing irreversible damage to teeth and periodontal tissues. This article highlights the benefits of using periodontal interventions before the start of orthodontic treatment, based on a series of representative clinical cases.</p> Leyla MESMOUS Copyright (c) 2025 Medical Focus Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://journals.univ-tlemcen.dz/MFJ/index.php/MFJ/article/view/137 Sat, 12 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000 The Charter of Deontology and University Ethics in the Eyes of the Actors of Medical Pedagogy! https://journals.univ-tlemcen.dz/MFJ/index.php/MFJ/article/view/132 <p>Introductions: Ethics is a guide, it accompanies pedagogy in the university environment, it allows it to create its benchmarks there. It is elucidated through a Charter of ethics and university ethics. Our study focuses on the perception of the Charter among the actors "teachers and students" at the Faculty of Medicine of Tlemcen.</p> <p>Method: our objective is to test knowledge on the Charter of university ethics. We conducted a survey in 2021, with 70 teachers and 147 interns from 3 departments, by a questionnaire.</p> <p>Results: 70% of teachers of all grades were not aware of the existence of the charter of university ethics. 78% of students have no knowledge on its subject. The Algerian University Charter was for the majority a discovery.</p> <p>Conclusion: Our study encourages facilitators and learners to understand and at the same time act in accordance with the recommendations of the Algerian charter of ethics and university ethics, which constitutes a benchmark guaranteeing good conduct.</p> Oussama KERROUCHE Copyright (c) 2025 Medical Focus Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://journals.univ-tlemcen.dz/MFJ/index.php/MFJ/article/view/132 Sat, 12 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Periodontal Indices : Clinical Assessment, Applications, and Recent Developments https://journals.univ-tlemcen.dz/MFJ/index.php/MFJ/article/view/136 <p>The evaluation of periodontal health is essential for the diagnosis, prevention, and management of periodontal diseases. Over the years, numerous clinical indices have been developed to quantitatively measure various aspects of periodontal health, such as gingival inflammation, plaque accumulation, bleeding on probing, and attachment loss. These indices, ranging from traditional methods like the Loe and Silness Gingival Index (1963) to more recent developments incorporating digital tools, play a crucial role both in clinical practice and in epidemiological studies. This article provides a comprehensive review of the most commonly used periodontal indices, their methodologies, clinical applications, and recent advancements. Particular emphasis is placed on the evolution of these indices in response to the growing demand for precision and reproducibility in periodontal assessment.</p> AMEL MAHFOUD Copyright (c) 2025 Medical Focus Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://journals.univ-tlemcen.dz/MFJ/index.php/MFJ/article/view/136 Sat, 12 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Clinical Revolution or Ethical Challenge? https://journals.univ-tlemcen.dz/MFJ/index.php/MFJ/article/view/143 <p>Parmi les bouleversements majeurs qui redessinent les contours de la médecine moderne, l’intelligence artificielle (IA) occupe actuellement une place centrale. Entre engouement technologique et réticence déontologique, elle représente à la fois l’espoir d’une médecine plus prédictive, plus précise, plus personnalisée, et les craintes d’un système de soins sans ces acteurs humains avec le risque de décision biaisées</p> <p>Le concept d’utilisation des ordinateurs pour simuler un comportement intelligent et une réflexion critique a été décrit pour la première fois par Alan Turing en 1950. Dans le livre <em>Computers and Intelligence</em>, Turing y présente un test simple, qui sera plus tard connu sous le nom de « test de Turing », afin de déterminer si les ordinateurs étaient capables d’intelligence humaine.<br>Six ans plus tard, John McCarthy définit le terme intelligence artificielle (IA) comme « la science et l’ingénierie de la fabrication de machines intelligentes ».</p> <p>Dans les années 1970, apparaissent les premiers systèmes experts médicaux comme MYCIN, utilisé pour diagnostiquer des infections sanguines et proposer des antibiotiques adaptés. Les décennies suivantes voient l’émergence d’algorithmes d’apprentissage automatique, utilisés pour analyser des données médicales et soutenir le diagnostic. Dans les années 2000, l’IA progresse grâce au développement des bases de données électroniques et de la puissance de calcul, permettant des avancées en imagerie médicale et en prédiction de maladies (1).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>En médecine, l’IA a fait ses preuves dans plusieurs domaines: interprétation d’images médicales, triage automatisé, gestion des flux hospitaliers, ou encore aide à la détection de pathologies complexes, y compris durant la pandémie de COVID-19. Des algorithmes ont ainsi permis de diagnostiquer plus rapidement des cas de pneumopathie virale, d’optimiser la recherche de médicaments, voire de prédire l’évolution épidémique (2).</p> <p>L’intégration des outils basée sur l’intelligence artificielle en pharmacie ouvre de nouvelles perspectives, de la dispensation automatisée à la pharmacovigilance proactive en passant par la personnalisation des posologies, toutes les étapes de la sécurisation du circuit du médicament sont concernées par cette évolution (3).</p> <p>La médecine dentaire n’est pas en reste par rapport aux autres disciplines, l’IA permet d’améliorer la précision des diagnostics grâce à l’analyse automatisée des images, elle facilite la détection précoce des caries et des pathologies buccales, et optimise la planification des traitements en implantologie, orthodontie et endodontie. Elle améliore également la personnalisation des soins en fonction des risques individuels du patient (4).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Mais à cette avancée technologique s’oppose un vide inquiétant. En effet, aucun cadre juridique international ne régule encore l’usage de l’IA dans la pratique médicale. Qui sera responsable en cas d’erreur diagnostique générée par un algorithme ? Le praticien, l’éditeur du logiciel, ou le développeur ?</p> <p>Le fonctionnement de ces outils comme «&nbsp;boites noires&nbsp;», ne permet pas de convaincre les décideurs sur leur fiabilité, qui ne savent pas comment cette intelligence artificiel produits ses résultats et à partir de quelles données</p> <p>L’essor de l’IA repose sur une matière première importante : les données de santé. Ces dernières, souvent collectées sans consentement éclairé suffisant, sont la cible de nombreuses convoitises industrielles où l’éthique n’est pas toujours respectée (5).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>L’IA n’est pas une menace pour la pratique médicale, on ne peut nier que ce progrès représente un gain de temps, une réduction des coûts, une meilleure accessibilité aux soins qui sont des enjeux majeurs dans des systèmes de santé sous tension. Mais cette IA ne se substituera jamais au praticien, mais réoriente sa fonction vers le jugement clinique et la décision partagée.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>L’IA ne remplacera jamais les professionnels de santé, mais les professionnels de santé qui maîtrisent l’IA remplaceront ceux qui ne la maîtrisent pas&nbsp;!</p> Mohamed Adil Selka Copyright (c) 2025 Medical Focus Journal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://journals.univ-tlemcen.dz/MFJ/index.php/MFJ/article/view/143 Sat, 12 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000