The Gut Microbiome and Human Health: Insights from Recent Research
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46325/gabj.v9i1.431Keywords:
Gut Microbiome, Human Health, Investigation Techniques, Physiological Impact, Psychological Impact, Immunological Impact, Genetic and Epigenetic Influence, Ethnic Differences, Environmental Factors, Nutrition, Medication, Microbiome Evolution, ObesityAbstract
The gut microbiome, a complex community of microorganisms residing in the human gastrointestinal tract, plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health. This review explores recent advancements in the investigation of the gut microbiome, highlighting cutting-edge techniques such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metabolomics, single-cell sequencing, and bioinformatics. We discuss the evolution of the human gut microbiome, examining historical perspectives and the influence of lifestyle changes, as well as differences between ancient and modern human microbiomes. This review delves into the physiological impacts of the gut microbiome on digestive, metabolic, and cardiovascular health, emphasizing its significant role in these areas. Special attention is given to the connection between the gut microbiome and obesity, detailing mechanisms, research findings, and potential interventions. Furthermore, we explore the psychological impacts through the gut-brain axis and its influence on mental health. Immunological impacts are also covered, focusing on the microbiome's role in immune system modulation and its link to autoimmune diseases. The genetic and epigenetic influences of the microbiome on host genetics and gene expression are analyzed, along with ethnic differences in microbial composition driven by genetic and environmental factors. Environmental influences such as diet, geography, lifestyle, pollutants, and the effects of medication and antibiotics on the gut microbiota are discussed. The review concludes with an exploration of therapeutic potentials, including probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and personalized medicine based on microbiome profiles. This comprehensive review aims to summarize key findings, highlight the implications for future research and clinical practice, and underscore the significance of the gut microbiome in human health.
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