Risques infectieux de l’utilisation répétée et prolongée des masques chirurgicaux pendant la Covid-19
Surgical masks and Covid-19. Utility
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46325/gabj.v8i1.385Keywords:
Covid-19, Surgical Masks, Biofilm, Resistance, Infectious riskAbstract
Many countries have imposed the wearing of masks in public places in order to limit and reduce the rate of contamination as well as the transmission of the SARS CoV-2 virus. Unfortunately, many people have disregarded the safety precautions associated with using surgical masks appropriately, such as wearing the same mask for extended periods of time, hence the risk of infection with serious consequences. The goal of the current study was to assess this risk in this particular setting. Students at University Center of Naâma were given a questionnaire in order to gather data about this. As a consequence of the survey, it was found that every student had worn their surgical masks irregularly for more than two weeks. Analysis of microbiological data showed that both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were involved, mainly Staphylococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. as well as fungal species including Candida albicans, Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. It should be noted that all of these microorganisms were able to form biofilms. In addition, their sensitivity to a range of families of antibiotics has varied; still, gentamicin shown efficacy against every strains examined in this investigation. As conclusion, failure to comply with health instructions regarding the preventive use of surgical masks could result in a reciprocal risk of infection
References
Velavan TP. Meyer CG. 2020. The COVID‐19 epidemic. Tropical medicine & international health, 25(3): 278.
Wu A. Peng Y. Huang B. et al. 2020. Genome composition and divergence of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in China. Cell host et microbe, 27(3): 325-328.
Derouiche L. Latrach R. Seddaoui R. 2023. Studying mutations of SARS-Cov-2 different variants (Alpha, Beta, Delta, Gamma, Omicron), Genet. Biodiv. J, 7(1): 75-87.
Gorbalenya AE. Baker SC. Baric RS. et al. 2020. The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat. Microbiol, 5(4): 536-544.
Tadj A. Seddiki SML. 2021. Our Overall Current Knowledge of COVID 19: An Overview. Microbes, Infection and Chemotherapy, 1: e1262-e1262.
Van Doremalen N. Bushmaker T. Morris DH et al. 2020. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. New England journal of medicine, 382(16): 1564-1567.
Adhikari SP. Meng S. Wu Y-J. et al. 2020. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infectious diseases of poverty, 9(1): 1-12.
Umakanthan S. Sahu P. Ranade AV. et al. 2020. Origin, transmission, diagnosis and management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Postgraduate medical journal, 96(1142): 753-758.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2020. Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19: interim guidance. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332293 (Accessed on 10/02/2022).
NF EN 149/IN1. 2009. https://www.boutique.afnor.org/fr-fr/norme/nf-en-149-in1/appareils-de-protection-respiratoire-demimasques-filtrants-contre-les-parti/fa158002/1014 (Accessed on 17/02/2022).
Donovan J. Skotnicki-Grant S. 2007. Allergic contact dermatitis from formaldehyde textile resins in surgical uniforms and nonwoven textile masks. Dermatitis, 18(1): 40-4.
Corradini P. Natta G. Ganis P et al. 1967. Crystal structure of syndiotactic polypropylene, Journal of Polymer Science Part C: Polymer Symposia, 16(5): 2477-2484.
Seddiki SML. Boucherit-Otmani Z. Boucherit K. et al. 2015. Infectivités fongiques des cathéters implantés dues à Candida sp. Formation des biofilms et résistance. Journal de Mycologie Médicale, 25(2): 130-135.
Costerton JW. Geesey GG. Cheng KJ. 1978. How bacteria Stick. Scientific American, 2385 (1): 86-95.
Characklis WG. 1990. Microbial fouling. In: Characklis WG. Marshall KC. editors. Biofilms. New York: John Wiley & Sons; p. 523–84. ISBN: 13 : 9783540139966
Costerton JW. 1999. Introduction to biofilm. International journal of antimicrobial agents, 11(3-4): 217-221.
Jaballah NB. Bouziri A. Kchaou W. et al. 2006. Epidémiologie des infections bactériennes nosocomiales dans une unité de réanimation néonatale et pédiatrique tunisienne. Médecine et maladies infectieuses, 36(7): 379-385.
Hawser SP. Douglas LJ. 1995. Resistance of Candida albicans biofilms to antifungal agents in vitro. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 39(9): 2128-2131.
Ramage G. Rajendran R. Sherry L et al. 2012. Fungal biofilm resistance. International journal of microbiology, 2012: 14.
Brun-Buisson C. Abrouk F. Legrand P et al. 1987. Diagnosis of central venous catheter-related sepsis: critical level of quantitative tip cultures. Archives of Internal Medicine, 147(5): 873-877.
Gund M. Isack J. Hannig M. et al. 2021. Contamination of surgical mask during aerosol-producing dental treatments. Clinical Oral Investigations, 25(5): 3173-3180.
Botton B. Breton A. 1990. Fevra M et al. Ed. Moisissures utiles et nuisibles. Importance industrielle. Paris: Masson
Stefaniuk EM. 2018. The usefulness of chromogenic media for qualitative and semi-quantitative diagnostic of urinary tract infections. Polish Journal of Microbiology, 67(2): 213-218.
Taschdjian CL. Burchall JJ. Kozinn PJ. 1960. Rapid identification of Candida albicans by filamentation on serum and serum substitues AMA journal of diseases of children, 99(2): 212-215.
Bouchet P. Guignard JL. Madulo-Leblond G. et al. 1989. Mycologie générale et médicale. Paris: Ed. Masson. ISBN: 978-2-225-81618-5.
Chabasse D. Pihet M. Bouchara J-P. 2009. Émergence de nouveaux champignons pathogènes en médecine : revue générale, Revue Francophone des Laboratoires, 2009(416): 71-86.
Peeters E. Nelis HJ. Coenye T. 2008. Compaaison of multiple méthods for quantification of microbial biofilms grown in microtiter plates. J Microbiol Methods, 72: 157- 165.
Christensen GD. Simpson WA. Bisno AL. et al. 1982. Adherence of slime-producing strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis to smooth surfaces. Infection and immunity, 37(1): 318-326.
O'Toole G. Kaplan HB. Kolter R. 2000. Biofilm formation as microbial development. Annual review of microbiology, 54: 49 - 79.
Stepanović S. Vuković D. Hola V. et al. 2007. Quantification of biofilm in microtiter plates: overview of testing conditions and practical recommendations for assessment of biofilm production by staphylococci. Apmis, 115(8): 891-899.
Monalisa AC. Padma KB. Manjunath K. et al. 2017. Microbial contamination of the mouth masks used by post-graduate students in a private dental institution: An In-Vitro Study. IOSR J. Dent. Med. Sci, 16: 61-67.
Luksamijarulkul P. Aiempradit N. Vatanasomboon P. 2014. Microbial Contamination on Used Surgical Masks among Hospital Personnel and Microbial Air Quality in their Working Wards: A Hospital in Bangkok. Oman Med J, 29(5): 346.
Zhiqing L. Yongyun C. Wenxiang C. et al. 2018. Surgical masks as source of bacterial contamination during operative procedures. Journal of orthopaedic translation, 14: 57-62.
Tadielo LE. Bellé TH. dos Santos EAR. et al. 2022. Pure and mixed biofilms formation of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium on polypropylene surfaces. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 162/ 113469.
Boucherit-Atmani Z. Seddiki SML. Boucherit K. et al. 2011. Candida albicans biofifilms formed into catheters and probes and their resistance to amphotericin B. journal de mycologie medicale, 21(3): 182-187.
Breed RS. Dotterrer WD. 1916. The Number of Colonies Allowable on Satisfactory Agar Plates. Journal of Bacteriology, 1(3): 321–31.
Nejatidanesh F. Khosravi Z. Goroohi H. et al. 2013. Risk of Contamination of Different Areas of Dentist's Face During Dental Practices. Int J Prev Med, 4(5):611-5.
Kappstein I. 2020. Mund-Nasen-Schutz in der Öffentlichkeit: Keine Hinweise für eine Wirksamkeit. Krankenhaus hygiene update, 15(03): 279-297.
Jamjoom AAB. Nikkar-Esfahani A. Fitzgerald JEF. 2009. Operating theatre related syncope in medical students: a cross sectional study. BMC Medical Education, 9(1): 1-6.
Bassetti M. Kollef MH. Timsit JF. 2020. Bacterial and fungal superinfections in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Intensive care medicine, 46(11): 2071-2074.
Lai CC. Yu WL. 2021. COVID-19 associated with pulmonary aspergillosis: A literature review. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 54(1): 46-53.
Marr KA. Platt A. Tornheim JA. et al. 2021. Aspergillosis complicating severe coronavirus disease. Emerging infectious diseases, 27(1): 18.
Reboux G. Rocchi S. Vacheyrou M. et al. 2019. Identifying indoor air Penicillium species: a challenge for allergic patients. Journal of medical microbiology, 68(5): 812-821.
Lakhdar K. Houari N. Elbouazzaoui A. et al. 2016. Une mucormycose faciale compliquant une angiocholite grave: à propos d’un cas. The Pan African Medical Journal, 25(246): 1-6.
Fung F. Tappen D. Wood G. 2000. Alternaria-associated asthma. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 15(12): 924-927.
Thibaudon M. Lachasse C. 2006. Alternaria, Cladosporium: dispersion atmosphérique, rythmes nycthéméral et saisonnier. Revue française d'allergologie et d'immunologie clinique, 46(3): 188-196.
Gunathilake R. Perera P. Sirimanna G. 2014. Curvularia lunata: a rare cause of black-grain eumycetoma. Journal de mycologie médicale, 24(2): 158-160.
Malbos D. 2022. Les principales pathologies bucco-dentaires. Actualités Pharmaceutiques, 61(614): 17-20.
Lozano P. Peña M. Herrero-Climent M. et al. 2022. Corrosion behavior of titanium dental implants with implantoplasty. Materials, 15(4): 1563.
Donlan RM. Costerton JW. 2002. Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clinical microbiology reviews, 15(2): 167-193.
Seddiki SML. 2021. Introduction aux biofilms microbiens. Ed: Connaissances et savoirs, Paris. pp: 76.
Wang Y. Pei Z. Lou Z. et al. . 2021. Evaluation of anti-biofilm capability of cordycepin against Candida albicans. Infection and Drug Resistance, 14: 435-448.
Baghad B. Bousfiha AA. Chiheb S. et al. 2021. Prédisposition génétique aux infections fongiques cutanéomuqueuses. La Revue de Médecine Interne, 42(8): 566-570.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
