L’intérêt de l’étude de la composition corporelle : de la théorie à l’application clinique
Contenu principal de l'article
Résumé
L’évaluation de la composition corporelle constitue un élément fondamental de l’approche clinique moderne en nutrition, en endocrinologie et en gériatrie. Si l’indice de masse corporelle (IMC) reste l’outil le plus utilisé pour estimer la corpulence, il ne permet ni de distinguer la masse grasse de la masse maigre, ni d’apprécier leur répartition régionale. L’analyse de la composition corporelle offre une vision plus physiopathologique du statut nutritionnel, en quantifiant les compartiments essentiels: masse grasse, masse maigre, eau corporelle et contenu minéral osseux. Grâce aux progrès techniques (impédancemétrie, absorptiométrie biphotonique, IRM, etc.), cette approche s’est imposée comme un outil indispensable pour dépister la dénutrition, la sarcopénie ou l’obésité sarcopénique, et pour guider la prise en charge personnalisée des patients.
Details de l'article
Rubrique
Ce travail est disponible sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International.
Comment citer
Références
[1] Shah NR, Braverman ER. Measuring adiposity in patients: the utility of body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, and leptin. PLoS One 2012; 7: e33308.
[2] Blüher M. Metabolically healthy obesity. Endocr Rev 2020; 41: 405–20.
[3] Dramé M, Godaert L. The obesity paradox and mortality in older adults: a systematic review. Nutrients 2023; 15: 1780.
[4] Oreno MAAM. Étude de la composition corporelle par impédancemétrie sur des adultes et des enfants sains et pathologiques [thèse de doctorat]. Compiègne (FR): Université de Technologie de Compiègne; 2007.
[5] Sergi G, Bonometto P, Coin A, Enzi G. Body composition: physiology, pathophysiology and methods of evaluation. In: Cachexia and Wasting: A Modern Approach. Milano (IT): Springer; 2007. p. 175–83.
[6] Prado CM, Heymsfield SB, Müller MJ, Nisoli E, Ofaiche J, Baracos VE et al. Methodological standards for body composition—an expert-endorsed guide for research and clinical applications: levels, models, and terminology. Am J Clin Nutr 2025; 122: 384–91.
[7] Mabiama G. Évaluation de l’état nutritionnel des personnes âgées au Cameroun et facteurs associés [thèse de doctorat]. Limoges (FR) / Douala (CM): Université de Limoges; Université de Douala; 2021.
[8] Kuriyan R. Body composition: a review. Indian J Med Res 2018; 148: 648–58.
[9] Lloret-Linares C, Oppert JM. La mesure de la composition corporelle: nouveaux aspects. Sang Thromb Vaiss 2009; 21: 232–9.
[10] Peterson MJ, Czerwinski SA, Siervogel RM. Development and validation of skinfold-thickness prediction equations with a four-compartment model. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 1186–91.
[11] Landi F, Onder G, Russo A, Liperoti R, Tosi A, Barillaro C et al. Calf circumference, frailty and physical performance among older adults living in the community. Clin Nutr 2014; 33: 539–44.
[12] Lemos T, Gallagher D. Current body composition measurement techniques. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2017; 24: 310–4.
[13] Van Loan MD, Mayclin PL. Body composition assessment: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) compared to reference methods. Eur J Clin Nutr 1992; 46: 125–30.
[14] Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruinsma N, Cederholm T et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing 2019; 48: 16–31.
[15] Sergi G, De Rui M, Veronese N, Bolzetta F, Berton L, Carraro S et al. Assessing appendicular skeletal muscle mass with bioelectrical impedance analysis in free-living Caucasian older adults. Clin Nutr 2015; 34: 667–73.
[16] Reiss J, Iglseder B, Kreutzer M, Weilbuchner I, Treschnitzer W, Kässmann H et al. Case finding for sarcopenia in geriatric inpatients: performance of bioimpedance analysis in comparison to dual X-ray absorptiometry. BMC Geriatr 2016; 16: 52.
[17] Heymsfield SB, Smith R, Aulet M, Benson B, Lichtman S, Wang J et al. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: measurement by dual-photon absorptiometry. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 52: 214–8.
[18] Kim KM, Jang HC, Lim S. Differences among skeletal muscle mass indices derived from height-, weight-, and BMI-adjusted models in assessing sarcopenia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2016; 71: 643–50.
[19] Donini LM, Bischoff SC, Cederholm T, Ballesteros JM, Chourdakis M, Gallagher D et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity: ESPEN and EASO consensus statement. Clin Nutr 2022; 41: 304–23.
[20] Bao WZ, Sun Y, Zhang T, Zou L, Wu X, Wang D et al. Exercise programs for muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance in older adults with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Dis 2020; 11: 863–73.
[21] Shen Y, Ding M, Zhou C, Xu L, Wu P, Li T et al. Exercise for sarcopenia in older people: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14: 1199–211.
[22] Lo JHT, U KP, Yiu T, Ong MTY, Lee WYW. Sarcopenia: current treatments and new regenerative therapeutic approaches. J Orthop Transl 2020; 23: 38–52.
[23] Deutz NEP, Bauer JM, Barazzoni R, Biolo G, Boirie Y, Bosy-Westphal A et al. Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group. Clin Nutr 2014; 33: 929–36.