Modulation of natural killer (NK) cells using biotechnologicalimmunonutrition in chronic disorders: a systematic review
Abstract
Background: Natural Killer (NK) cells serve as a critical defense mechanism within the innate immune
system, driving both antiviral and antitumour responses. Nevertheless, the hostile microenvironments
characteristic of chronic diseases frequently induce profound functional and metabolic depletion in these
lymphocytes. Emerging breakthroughs in bio-engineered precision immunonutrition now present innovative
strategies to rejuvenate NK cell cytotoxicity.
Methodology: Adhering strictly to the PRISMA 2020 framework, a systematic search of the literature was
conducted across four primary databases: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, spanning January 2025
to May 2026. The selection criteria targeted research evaluating biotechnological formulations, including
postbiotics, nano-formulations, and encapsulation systems, with a specific focus on those quantifying changes in
NK cell phenotypes and functional capacity.
Results: A synthesis of twenty core studies published during the 2025–2026 period revealed highly
consistent trends. Utilizing polymeric and lipid-based scaffolds for nutrient encapsulation proved vital in shielding
bioactive compounds from systemic degradation in vivo. By enhancing intracellular bioavailability, these advanced
nanocarriers successfully triggered mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation within exhausted NK cells. Notably,
quantitative data indicated a 30% to 45% upregulation in two pivotal immunological markers: the surface receptor
NKG2D and the cytotoxic effector molecule granzyme B.
Conclusions: Ultimately, merging biotechnological innovations with functional dietary matrices elevates
immunonutrition into a precise, therapeutic modality. By directly restoring cellular immune function, this
paradigm establishes a robust foundation for the design of tailored oncology therapies and metabolic intervention
strategies.
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