Polyphenolic Profile and Comparative Study on Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts From all Parts of Gymnocarpos decander Forsk.

Abstract

In the current study, methanolic and selective extracts from different parts of Gymnocarpos decander were screened for total phenolic, flavonoid, flavonol and condensed tannin contents. The antioxidant activity of extracts was also determined. The highest values of total contents of phenolics (156.097 ± 2.312 mg GAE/g DM), flavonoids (14.878 ± 0.275 mg CE/g DM), condensed tannins (39.388 ± 1.599 mg CE/g DM) and flavonols (6.506 ± 1.021 mg QE/g DM) were found in flowers. The most powerful antioxidant was found in the methanolic extract of flowers (32.27 ± 2.400 mg AAE/g DM). Tannins extracted from flowers showed an interesting antioxidant activity to trap the 1,1-Diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical (0.063 ± 0.000 mg/mL) and to reduce iron absorption (0.083 ± 0.004 mg/mL). The highest activity in the β-carotene test was found in the butanolic fraction of flowers (0.314 ± 0.008 mg/mL). A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis allowed the detection of quercetin, -coumaric acid and naringenin in the ethyl acetate and butanolic fractions of flowers, and also vanillic acid in the ethyl acetate fraction of flowers.

REFERENCES:

Abu Zarin, M.H., Isha A., & Armania,N. (2016). Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic
potential of condensed tannins from Leucaena leucocephala hybrid-Rendang. Food
science and humain wellness, 5, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2016.02.001
Ahmed, S., Hasan, M.M., & Mahmood, Z.A. (2016). Antiurolithiatic plants in different
countries and cultures. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 5,102–115.
https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2016/vol5issue1/PartB/4-4-45.pdf.
Ashraful, A., Subhan, N., Mahbubur, R, Reza, H., & Sarker, S. (2014). Effect of Citrus
Flavonoids, Naringin and Naringenin, on Metabolic Syndrome and Their Mechanisms
of Action. Advanced Nutrients, 5, 404–417. doi: 10.3945/an.113.005603.
Baba Aïssa, F. (1999). Encyclopédie des plantes utiles. Ed : Librairie Moderne Rouïba.
Alger, pp 368.
Bate-Smith, E. (1962). The phenolic constituents of plants and their taxonomic significance.
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 58: 95–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-
8339.1962.tb00890.x
Bechlem, H., Mencherini, T., Bouheroum, M., Benayache, S, Cotugno, R., Braca, A., & De
Tommasi, N. (2017). New Constituents from Gymnocarpos decander .Planta Medica,
83,1200–1206. DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-111599

Beddou, F., Bekhechi, C., Ksouri, R., Chabane Sari, D., & Atik Bekkara, F. (2014). Potential
assessment of Rumex vesicarius L. as a source of natural antioxidants and bioactive
compounds. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52, 3549–3560.
doi: 10.1007/s13197-014-1420-9
Bekkara, F., Jay, M., Viricel, M.R., & Rome, S. (1998). Distribution of phenolic compounds
within seed and seedlings of two Vicia faba cvs differing in their seed tannin content,
and study of their seed and root phenolic exudations. Plant Soil, 203, 27–36.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004365913726
Belyagoubi‑Benhammou, N., Belyagoubi, L., El Zerey‑Belaskri, A., Zitouni, A.,
Ghembaza, N., Benhassaini, H., & Atik‑Bekkara, F., Piras, A., Falconieri, D., Rosa,
A. (2018). Fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity of Pistacia lentiscus L. fruit
fatty oil from Algeria. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterisation, 12 ,1408–
1412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-018-9755-y
Benhammou, N., Atik-Bekkara, F., & Kadifkova-Panovska, T. (2009). Antioxidant activity
of methanolic extracts and some bioactive compounds of Atriplex halimus. Comptes
Rendus Chimie, 12, 1259–1266. Doi : 10.1016/j.crci.2009.02.004
Bouaziz, M., Dhouib, A., Loukil, S., Boukhris, M., & Sayadi, S. (2009). Polyphenols content,
antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts of some wild plants collected from
the south of Tunisia. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8, 7017–7027.
doi:10.4314/ajb.v8i24.68789
Bouchelta, A., Boughdad, A., & Blenzar, A. (2005). Effets biocides des alcaloïdes, des
saponines et des flavonoïdes extraits de Capsicum frutescens L. (Solanaceae) sur
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera :Aleyrodidae). Biotechnologie, Agronomie
Société et Environnnement, 9, 259–269. https://popups.uliege.be/1780-
4507/text/v9n4/259.pdf
Ghembaza, N., Belyagoubi-Benhammou, N., Zitouni, A., Toul, F., Michalet, S., & AtikBekkara, F. (2021). Rapid identification analysis of chemical constituents of Sedum
villosum L. (Orpin.) by UHPLC-DAD-HRSM. Journal of Natural Products Research
and Applications, 1, 15–23.
https://ojs.univ-tlemcen.dz/index.php/JNPRA/article/view/967/852
Hasbal, G., Yilmaz-Ozden, T., & Can, A. (2014). Antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase
activities of Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz (wild service tree) fruits. Journal of food and
drug analysis, 23, 57–62. doi: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.06.006.
Hertog, M.G., Hollman, P.C.H., & Venema, D.P. (1992). Optimization of a quantitative
HPLC determination of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids in vegetables and fruits.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40, 1591–1598.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00021a023
Javidnia, K., Miri, R., Jamalian A., Sarkarzadeh, H., & Nasiri, A. (2008). Composition of
Essential Oil of Gymnocarpos decander Forrssk. from Iran. Journal of Essential Oil
Research, 20, 477–478. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2008.9700062

Julkunen-Titto, R. (1985). Phenolic constituents in the leaves of northern Willows methods
for the analysis of certain phenolics. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 33,
213–217. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00062a013
Kaiser, J., Yassin, M., Prakash, S., Safi, N., Agami, M., Lauw, S., Ostrozhenkova ,E., Bacher,
A., Rohdich, F., Eisenreich, W., Safi, J., & Galan-Goldhirsh, A.(2007). Anti-malarial
drug targets: screening for inhibitors of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4- phosphate synthase
(IspC protein) in Mediterranean plants. Phytomedicine, 14, 242–249. doi:
10.1016/j.phymed.2006.12.018.
Khan, N., Akhtar, M.S., Khan, B.A., Braga, V., & Reich, A . (2015). Antiobesity,
hypolipidemic, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Achyranthes aspera seed
saponins in high cholesterol fed albino rats. Archives of medicale science, 11, 1261–
1271. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2015.56353
Kumaran, A., & Karunakaran, R.J. (2007). In vitro antioxidant activities of methanol extracts
of five Phyllanthus species from India. LWT Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft & Technologie,
40, 344–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2005.09.011
Kumaran, S.P., Kutty, B.C., Chatterji, A., Subrayan, P.P., & Mishra, K.P. (2007).
Radioprotection against DNA damage by an extract of Indian green mussel. Perna
viridis (L). Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology, 26, 263–272.
doi: 10.1615/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.v26.i4.30.
Mabry, T. (1980). Betalains. In: Bell E, Charwood B, eds. Encyclopedia of plant physiology,
secondary plant products. Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag, pp 513–533.
Maiza, K., Hammiche, V., & Maiza-benabdesselam, F. (2011). Traditional medicine in north
Sahara: the “Deffi”. Life Sciences Leaflets, 16, 551–560.
Manyou, Y., Gouvinhas, I., Rocha, J. , Ana I. R. N., & Barros, A. (2021). Phytochemical
and antioxidant analysis of medicinal and food plants towards bioactive food and
pharmaceutical resources. Scientific reports, 11, 10041. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-
021-89437-4
Moure, A., Franco, D., Sineiro, J., Dominguez, H., Nunez, M.J., & Lem, J.M. (2000).
Evaluation of extracts from Gevuina avellana hulls as antioxidants. Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48, 3890–3897. doi: 10.1021/jf000048w.
Oyaizu, M. (1986). Studies on products of browning reaction prepared from glucose amine.
Japan Journal of Nutrition, 44, 307–315.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5264/eiyogakuzashi.44.307
Prieto, P., Pineda, M., & Aguilar, M. (1999). Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant
capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application
to the determination of vitamin E. Analytical Biochemistry, 269, 337–341. doi:
10.1006/abio.1999.4019.
Razali, N., Razab, R., Mat Junit, S., & Abdul Aziz, A. (2008). Radical scavenging and
reducing properties of extracts of cashew shoots (Anacardium occidentale). Food
Chemistry, 111, 38–44. DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.03.024

Sadeghi, Z., Valizadeh, J., Shermeh, O., & Akaberi, M. (2015). Antioxidant activity and total
phenolic content of Boerhavia elegans(choisy) grown in Baluchestan, Iran. American
journal of psychiatry, 5, 1–9.
Sanchez-Moreno, C., Larrauri, J.A., & Saura-Calixto, F. (1998). A procedure to measure the
antiradical efficiency of polyphenols. Journal of the Science of food and Agriculture,
76, 270–276.
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199802)76:2<270::AID-JSFA945>3.0.CO;2-9
Shaik, Y.B., Castellani, M.L., Perrella, A., Conti, F., Salini, V., Tete, S., Madhappan,
B., Vecchiet, J., De Lutiis, M.A., Caraffa, A., & Cerulli, G. (2006). Role of quercetin
(a natural herbal compound) in allergy and inflammation. Journal of Biological
Regulators and Homeostatic Agents. 20, 47–52.
Singleton, V.L., & Rossi, J.A. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdicphosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16,144–
158.
Sikder, K., Das, N., Kesh, SB., & Dey, S. (2014). Quercetin and B-sitosterol prevents high
fat diet induced dyslipidemia and hepatotoxicity in swiss albino mice. Indian Journal of
Experimental Biology, 52, 60–66.
Subburaman, S., Ganesan K., & Ramachandran M. (2014). Protective role of naringenin
against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in a rat model: histopathology and mRNA
expression profile studies. Journal of Environnemental Patholology, Toxicology and
Oncology, 33, 363–376. doi: 10.1615/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.2014010625.
Tanaka, Y., Sasaki, N., & Ohmiya, A. (2008). Biosynthesis of plant pigments: anthocyanins,
betalains and carotenoids. The Plant Journal, 54, 733–749. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-
313X.2008.03447.x.
Tarhouni, M., Ben Salem, F., Ouled Belgacem, A., & Neffati, M. (2010). Acceptability of
plant species along grazing gradients around watering points in Tunisian arid zone.
Flora, 205, 454-461. DOI:10.1016/j.flora.2009.12.020
Toul, F., Belyagoubi-Benhammou, N., Zitouni, A., & Atik-Bekkara, F. (2016). Antioxidant https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2016.1217205

Zhang, S.Y., Zheng, C.G., Yan, X.Y., & Tian, W.X. (2008). Low concentration of condensed
tannins from catechu significantly inhibits fatty acid synthase and growth of MCF-7
cells. Biochemical Biophysical Research Communications, 371, 654–658. doi:
10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.062
Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T., & Jianming, W. (1999). The determination of flavonoid contents
in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry, 64,
555–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2